|
Sexual Villainy in the Holocaust
Beverley Chalmers © 2011 Abstract A
particularly venomous aspect of Nazi ideology directed against the Jew
focused on the sexual proclivities of ‘licentious’ Jews and, in
contrast, the ‘pure’ virginal qualities of Aryan women. Biologically,
Jews were depicted as polluting and infecting pure ‘Aryan’ women
through forced sexual contact as well as being morally corrupt through
their promiscuity. ‘Aryans’, however, as the superior ‘Master Race’
were depicted as heroic, pure, self-sacrificing and upholding simple
lifestyles, and above all, fellowship. In reality, however, the
villains in the Holocaust, particularly with regard to sexual
behaviour, were German rather than Jewish. Significant acts of sexual
brutality were perpetrated by Germans against men and women,
heterosexuals as well as homosexuals, Jews and non-Jews, including
humiliating nudity, physical and sexual abuse, cruelty, torture and
rape. Such sexually directed villainy was perpetrated out of fear,
hatred, power, or even for pleasure. This chapter will explore the
ideological image of the sexual villain and the real villain in the
Holocaust era. Key Words: Holocaust, Nazis, Germans, ideology, sexuality. sexual brutality, Jews, non-Jews.
*****
1. The Ideological Image of the Sexual Villain
Hitler had popularised the conceptualisation of the licentious Jew in the 1920s with his writing:
The
black-haired Jewish youth lies in wait for hours on end, satanically
glaring at and spying on the unsuspicious girl whom he plans to seduce,
adulterating her blood and removing her from the bosom of her own
people.1 This
image was further propagated by novels such as Artur Dinter’s popular
novel (1919) depicting a Jew with numerous non-Jewish lovers – Die Sünde wider das Blut,2 and in films including Jud Süβ,3 which depicted Jews as financial manipulators and rapists and Der Ewige Jude that portrayed Jews as vile, dirty and verminous. Der Sturmer, a virulently anti-semitic, and widely distributed newspaper further popularized these images.
2. The Real Sexual Villain
The
Holocaust is known for its physical and psychological cruelty towards
Jews. While images of emaciation and mass murder are commonly
acknowledged, sexual perversions of the Nazis are less well known.
These acts of cruelty occurred in towns and villages, ghettos, prisons
and concentration camps. Their targets included men, women and children
and groups such as homosexuals. While Nazi ideology depicted the Jews
as licentious and sexually abusive, it was in fact Nazis that were the
perpetrators of the most heinous acts of sexual depravity.
3. Jews
The
Nuremberg laws rapidly removed Jews from most active segments of German
life, eventually separating them into ghettos. Sometime during 1941 the
‘Final Solution’ was implemented. Jews were sent to labour or
concentration camps to be worked to death, or to extermination camps
where they were murdered on arrival. In camps men and women were
systematically dehumanised through actions designed to remove any
remaining vestiges of humanity. These included removing their names,
clothes, possessions, bodily hair, husbands or wives, children and
other family members, means of cleanliness, and privacy for living,
washing, or fulfilling basic bodily functions. Women’s internal organs
were searched for hidden valuables. They were repeatedly forced to
strip naked and were subjected to ‘selections’ for gassing, based on
their level of debility or, in some instances, the whims of SS guards.
Sexual activity in the camps was reduced to a minimum by separating men
and women. Sexual exchange became possible for some who were able to
barter their bodies for a slice of bread, or a lifesaving pair of
shoes. On the positive side, however, because of the severe Nazi
restrictions against sexual contact with Jews for fear of contamination
of the German race (Rassenschande), many if not most Jewish women were spared from rape or from forced prostitution.
4. Aryans
Despite
the image of the German as heroic, pure, self-sacrificing and upholding
simple lifestyles, and above all, fellowship, promoted by the powerful
and effective Nazi propaganda ministry, Germans during the Nazi era
were sexually prolific. While their regime decried ‘degenerate’
sexuality it also promoted ‘healthy sexuality’ and many chose to
indulge in this with enthusiasm. Reports indicate that fewer than five
percent of German girls were virgins at marriage.4
In addition, prostitution became an integrated part of the Nazi
endeavour particularly during the war years. ‘Pure’ German women, like
Jews, were exempt from forced prostitution, although they were exhorted
and encouraged to voluntarily have intercourse with ‘pure’ Aryans to
bear progeny for the Reich. All other categories of women – usually
prisoners – could be enticed, or forced, to become prostitutes.
Prostitution was seen as fulfilling a number of purposes including
satisfying the sexual needs of German soldiers and thereby avoiding
their contact with ‘impure’ forced labourers in occupied countries, as
well as serving as a means of ‘therapy’ for homosexual male prisoners5 in an endeavour to convert them to heterosexuality. Lengyel6
suggests that prostitutes were provided as an acceptable sexual outlet
for SS and other camp guards who were continuously exposed to vast
numbers of naked women paraded before them in camps. Access to
prostitutes was also used as an incentive for increased productivity
amongst both senior camp personnel and privileged prisoners in camps. A
network of statecontrolled brothels was established across Europe
including civil and military brothels, as well as those for forced
labourers and those in concentration camps. The most beautiful women
went to the SS brothel, the less beautiful ones to the soldier’s
brothels. The rest ended up in the prisoner’s brothels.7
5. Sexual Brutality in Towns and Villages
Sexuality
extended into brutality in many settings. Numerous reports show that
corpses of thousands of Jews were dumped into pits, which they had been
made to dig, after which they were lined up beside them and killed with
guns. German officers and their local allies pulled gold teeth out of
mouths, before or after, murdering their victims. Babies were thrown
into the air and used for target practice. Jewish women were raped
before being murdered. Sometimes, as in Czestochowa, Poland, police
forced thousands of half-naked men and women to assemble in a square
where they were beaten. Young girls were taken into the synagogue,
forced to undress, sexually assaulted and tortured.8 The massacre in the Greek town of Distomo also reflects the sexually directed aspects of Nazi cruelty.9
Just outside the village, SS troops were attacked by partisans. They
returned to the village and spent the next few hours killing the
population viciously. As Nicholas reports,
Pregnant
women were eviscerated with bayonets and their intestines wrapped
around their necks. People were decapitated and children’s heads
crushed. Houses were burned with all the occupants inside. Women and
little girls were raped and then executed.10 Children
too, did not escape sexual brutality. In a French village, the SS tied
the smallest children, boys and girls, to the chairs in the schoolroom.
They told them:
to
suck the soldiers’ organs like their mothers’ breasts. Then when the
soldiers have had their way, the children are told to imagine it as
milk and swallow happily, and their teachers are to make sure they do
not cry as they swallow.11 The Einsatzgruppen
were particularly distinguished by their brutality including shooting
pregnant women in the belly before throwing them into burial pits, and
conducting body searches of sex organs and anuses looking for valuables.12 Others might hurl a fist into the belly of a pregnant woman and throw her alive into the grave.13
6. Sexual Brutality in Ghettos
Ghettos
provided little escape from Nazi sexual brutality. In the Kovno ghetto,
Tornbaum, a ‘typical German gendarme’ forced women to undress, so that
he could conduct gynaecological examinations on them (looking for
hidden valuables) while at the same time beating them severely.14 Internal examinations of women in ghettos are reported by others.15
In Hungary, prior to deportation, some women had electric wires
inserted into their uterus in front of their family as part of the
search for hidden valuables.16
Similarly Dr Edith Kramer reports that women in the Lodz ghetto were
offered a chance to work in Poland. Before going they were required to
bathe: ‘This provided a good chance for the SS men to beat the naked
girls with whips.’17 Martin Gray18
reports that in the Warsaw ghetto, ‘he’d seen them dash out the brains
of newborn babies against the walls, rip open the bellies of pregnant
women, and throw casualties into the flames.’19
7. Sexual Brutality in Prisons
Those in prison were even more readily exposed to sexual brutality: Käthe Baronowitz, arrested as a communist, reported that
The
cruelties and perversities of the interrogation can hardly be
described. [She] had to undress completely. A howling pack goaded on by
alcohol surrounded her. They stuck pens in her vagina and paper flags,
which they burned so that they could gloat over the tortured woman’s
screams of pain. They called her a ‘Jew whore’ as they tormented her.20 Jadwiga Dzido at the Nuremberg Doctors trial reported being beaten while naked by the Gestapo in Lublin21
and Dr Edith Kramer, imprisoned in Berlin, watched the Gestapo training
police dogs to jump at fluttering skirts fastened to wooden rods.22 Klaus Barbie is perhaps best known amongst sexually brutal prison commanders. Paris wrote,
Women
were always tortured naked, to the deep enjoyment of the torturers.
Barbie kept two German shepherd dogs. One was trained to lunge and
bite. The other was trained to mount naked women who had first been
ordered on their hands and knees. A humiliation that cut deeper than
the whip, than having one’s fingernails pulled. 23 Father
Bonaventura Boudet who was interrogated by the Gestapo in the prison
where Barbie was based, reported that fingers and toes were cut off
with kitchen knives, women’s breasts were severed and their nipples
torn off, limbs were burned and severed from the body.24
On September 18, 1943 Klaus Barbie was personally cited by Himmler and
on November 9, 1943, he was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, with
sword.25
8. Sexual Brutality in Concentration Camps
While
humiliation, nudity and voyeurism were common in the camps, more
extreme forms of sexual brutality occurred. The Ukrainian Ivan Demaniuk
in Treblinka
stabbed
the women’s naked thighs and genitals with a sword before they entered
the gas chambers and also raped young women and girls.26 In
Treblinka, the camp commander had a dog trained to attack a man’s
private parts. The dog was called ‘Man’ and the Jews ‘Dogs’: He would
attack when given the order ‘Look, Man, that dog isn’t working’.27 SS officer Tauber, in Auschwitz, was known for his sadistic acts towards women. He
brought
a thousand women out into the snow, lined them up, entirely naked, in
the freezing air, then, moving along the ranks, lifted their breasts
with the tip of his whip. Those whose breasts sagged went to the left,
those whose breasts remained firm went to the right and were spared a
little longer.28 9. Sexual Brutality Perpetrated by Women
Men were not the only perpetrators of sexual brutality. Some women also achieved notoriety in this respect. In Auschwitz,
Irma
Griese had selected a handsome Georgian man to become her lover. When
he refused she beat his true love, a slim, Polish woman, brutally in
front of him while she was naked. ‘She was in a dreadful state. Red
welts extended across her face and across her chest. The sadistic SS
had spared not even her face…I never saw the handsome Georgian again.
The beautiful beast had him shot. The girl? Griese had had her sent to
the Auschwitz brothel.29 10. Sexual Brutality towards Homosexuals
The
most grievous tortures of a sexually sadistic nature were imposed on
homosexual prisoners in concentration camps. Heger describes the
torture to death of a homosexual man:
He
was stripped naked and his hands tied to a hook in a wall so that he
could not touch the ground with his feet. First he was tickled with
goose feathers on the soles of his feet, the armpits, between the legs
and other parts of his naked body. Then the SS brought two metal bowls,
one filled with cold water one with hot. These bowls were placed
between his legs alternatively so that his testicles hung in the hot,
then cold water. This continued until the victim lost consciousness
screaming in agony. A bucket of cold water was thrown over him to bring
him around and then the torture stared again, ‘this time with bits of
skin now hanging visibly down from the victim’s scalded scrotum’. Then
they shoved a broom handle deep into his anus – his body jerked and
tore at the chains. Eventually they cut him down. One of the SS brought
a wooden chair down on the victim’s head with all his force, killing
him.30 11. Sexual Arousal through Brutality
Survivor
memoirs report sexual arousal and satisfaction being gained through
acts of brutality. Irma Griese, in Auschwitz, experienced sexual
arousal while observing breast surgery.
From
that day on she went around in camp, her bejewelled whip poised, picked
out the most beautiful young women and slashed their breasts open with
the braided wire end of her whip. Subsequently those breasts got
infected by the lice and dirt, which invaded every nook and corner of
the camp. They had to be cut open if the patient was to be saved. Irma
Greze invariably arrives to watch the operation, kicking the victim if
her screams interfered with her pleasure and giving herself completely
to the orgiastic spasms, which shook her entire body and made saliva
run down from the corner of her mouth. 31 Similarly,
Klauss Scheurenberg reports that in Eichmann’s headquarters in Wulkow,
the commandant gained sexual pleasure from watching beatings of men. As
he reports, ‘He sent some of us to Sachsenhausen to be gassed; he shot
some and he beat some to death with a chain. At some point in the
beatings, he always reached a climax and his pants got wet.’32
Sexual
gratification was also obtained from cruelty to homosexuals. As Heger
reports, the camp commander stood by and watched as homosexuals were
beaten:
At
each stroke his eyes lit up and after a few strokes his whole face was
red with excitement. He buried his hands in his trouser pockets and
could clearly be seen to masturbate, quite unperturbed by our
presence... I myself witnessed on more than thirty occasions how this
camp commander got sexual satisfaction from watching the lashings
inflicted on the ‘horse’ and the perverted lust with which he followed
each stroke and the screams of the victim.33 12.How could They Do It? Why did They Do It?
How
could the Nazis perpetrate such sexual brutality? The effective Nazi
propaganda campaign that dehumanized Jews to the point of being
considered as ‘vermin,’ ‘subhumans,’ or ‘life unworthy of life’
probably made it psychologically possible for Germans who endorsed Nazi
ideology to perpetrate such horrific acts. Underlying such images was
an overwhelming fear of ‘contamination,’ or of the threat supposedly
imposed by Jews. Although reduced to the lowest level of poverty and
humanity, and comprising less than 1% of German society, Jews were
depicted as a global threat. They were seen as promoting an
international conspiracy that was the driving force behind the Allied
‘enemies’ of Germany, and were depicted as responsible for manipulating
the world’s, and Germany’s, finances. Fear and hatred of Jews, combined
with the Nazis newfound personal power over others and their desire for
a new powerful Germany and Aryan race, combined to mobilize and justify
such brutal actions.
The real villains, particularly with regard to sexual behaviours, were clearly Germans rather than Jews.
Notes
1 A. Hitler, Mein Kampf, Hurst and Blackett, London 1939, pp. 160-162. (Back)
2 M. Kater, Doctors under Hitler, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1989, pp. 179-181; M. Burleigh and W. Wipperman, The Racial State: Germany 1933-194, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991, p. 37. (Back)
3 V. Harlan (dir), Jud Süβ, Terra-Filmkunst GmbH, 1934. (Back)
4 D. Herzog, ‘Hubris and Hypocrisy, Incitement and Disavowal: Sexuality and German Fascism’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 11/1/2, 2002, pp. 3-21. (Back)
5 H.P. Bleuel, Sex and Society in Nazi Germany, J.B. Lipincott Company, 1971, p. 225, R.J. Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, Basic Books, Inc, New York, 1986, pp. 270-271. (Back)
6 O. Lengyel, Five Chimneys: A Woman Survivor’s True Story of Auschwitz, First Academy Chicago, 1995, p. 195. (Back)
7 R. Sommer, Das Kz-Bordell: Sexual Forced Labor in National Socialist Concentration Camps. Paderborn Schoningh Verlag, 2009, p. 492. (Back)
8 L. Dawidowicz, The War against the Jews 1933-1945, Bantam Books, New York, 1975, p. 270. (Back)
9 L.H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web, Vintage Books, New York, 2006, p. 430. (Back)
10 Ibid., p. 430. (Back)
11 D.A. Rose, Hiding Place, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2000, pp. 320-322. (Back)
12 R. Rhodes, Masters of Death: The SS Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2002, pp. 185-186; E. Klee, W. Dressen and V. Reiss (eds), The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders, Old Saybrook, Konecky and Konecky, Connecticut, 1991, p. 179. (Back)
13 R. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Holmes and Meier, New York, 1985, p. 146. (Back)
14 A. Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990, p. 403. (Back)
15 A. Porter, Kasztner’s Train: The True Story of Rezsö Kasztner, Unknown Hero of the Holocaust, Douglas & McIntyre, Vancouver, 2007, pp. 156-158; S. Littman, War Criminal on Trial: Rauca of Kaunas, Key Porter Books, Toronto, 1993, p. 102; M. Berg, The Diary of Mary Berg, Oneworld, Oxford, 1945, Toronto 2007, p. 37. (Back)
16 Porter, op. cit., p. 170. (Back)
17 R.A. Ritvo and D.M. Plotki, Sisters in Sorrow: Voices of Care in the Holocaust, Texas A & M University Press, 1998, p. 134. (Back)
18 M. Gray and M. Gallo, For Those I Loved, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1971, p. 204. (Back)
19 Ibid. (Back)
20 M.A. Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, pp. 19-20. (Back)
21 V. Spitz, Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Accounts of Nazi Experiments on Humans, Sentient Publications, Boulder, 2005, p. 146. (Back)
22 Ritvo and Plotki, op. cit., p. 141. (Back)
23 J. Miller, One by One by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1990, p. 123. (Back)
24 T. Bower, Klaus Barbie: Butcher of Lyon, Corgi Books, London, 1984, p. 75. (Back)
25 E. Paris, Unhealed Wounds:France and the Klaus Barbie Affair, Methuen, Toronto, 1985, p. 94. (Back)
26 E. Rozenberg, Testimony, Jerusalem, p. 6. (Back)
27 J.F. Steiner, Treblinka, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1967, p. 166. (Back)
28 F. Fenelon, Playing for Time, Berkley Books, New York, 1977, p. 173. (Back)
29 O. Lengyel, Five Chimneys: A Woman Survivor’s True Story of Auschwitz, pp. 201-203. (Back)
30 H. Heger, The Men with the Pink Triangle, Alyson Books, New York, 1980, p. 84. (Back)
31 G. Perl, I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz, Reprint edition 2007, Ayer Company Publishers, North Stratford, NH, 1948, pp. 61-62. (Back)
32 J. Steinhoff, P. Pechel and D. Showalter, Voices from the Third Reich: An Oral History, Da Capo Press, Washington, 1989, p. 332. (Back)
33 Heger, op. cit., pp. 53-55. (Back)
Bibliography
Berg, M., The Diary of Mary Berg. Oneworld, Oxford, 1945, 2007.
Bleuel, H.P., Sex and Society in Nazi Germany. J.B. Lipincott Company, Philadelphia, 1971.
Bower, T., Klaus Barbie: Butcher of Lyons. Corgi Books, London, 1984.
Burleigh, M. and Wipperman, W., The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
Dawidowicz, L., The War against the Jews, 1933-1945. Bantam Books, New York, 1975.
Fenelon, F., Playing for Time. Berkley Books, New York, 1977.
Gray, M. and Gallo, M., For Those I Loved. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1971.
Harlan, V. (dir) Jud Süβ. 197 minutes. Germany: Terra-Filmkunst GmbH, 1934.
Heger, H., The Men with the Pink Triangle. Alyson Books, New York, 1980.
Herzog, D., Hubris and Hypocrisy, Incitement and Disavowal: Sexuality and German Fascism. Journal of the History of Sexuality. 2002.
Hilberg, R., The Destruction of the European Jews. Holmes and Meier, New York, 1985.
Hitler, A., Mein Kampf. Hurst and Blackett, London, 1939.
Kaplan, M.A., Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.
Kater, M., Doctors under Hitler. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1989.
Klee, E., Dressen, W. and Reiss, V. (eds), The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders.
Konecky and Konecky, Old Saybrook, Connecticut, 1991.
Lengyel, O., Five Chimneys: A Woman Survivor’s True Story of Auschwitz. Ziff- Davis Publishing Company, Chicago, 1947.
Lifton, R.J., The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. Basic Books, Inc, New York,1986.
Littman, S., War Criminal on Trial: Rauca of Kaunas. Key Porter Books, Toronto, 1993.
Miller, J., One by One by One: Facing the Holocaust. Simon and Schuster, New York 1990.
Nicholas, L.H., Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web. Vintage Books, New York, 2006.
Paris, E., Unhealed Wounds: France and the Klaus Barbie Affair. Methuen, Toronto, 1985.
Perl, G., I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz. Reprint edition 2007 ed., Ayer Company Publishers, North Stratford, NH, 1948.
Porter, A., Kasztner’s Train: The True Story of Rezsö Kasztner, Unknown Hero of the Holocaust. Douglas & McIntyre, Vancouver, 2007.
Rhodes, R., Masters of Death: The SS Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2002.
Ritvo, R A. and Plotkin, D.M., Sisters in Sorrow: Voices of Care in the Holocaust. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, 1998.
Rose, D.A., Hiding Places. Simon and Schuster, New York, 2000.
Rozenberg, E., Testimony, YVA, 0-3/4039. Yad Vashem Jerusalem.
Sommer:, R., Das Kz-Bordell - Concentration Camp Bordello: Sexual Forced Labor in National Socialist Concentration Camps.
Schoningh Verlag, Paderborn, 2009. Spitz, V., Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Accounts of Nazi Experiments on Humans. Sentient Publications, Boulder, 2005.
Steiner, J.F., Treblinka. Simon and Schuster, New York 1967.
Steinhoff, J., Pechel, P. and Showalter, D., Voices from the Third Reich: An Oral History. Da Capo Press, Washington, 1989.
Tory, A., Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary. Cambridge Harvard University Press, Massachusetts, 1990.
B
Chalmers. Sexual Villainy in the Holocaust. In
Villains. Eds. Burcu Genc and Corinna Lenhardt,
Inter-Disciplinary Press, UK, ebook, 2011, 231-241 http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/vav2ever1050311.pdf
This article is reprinted here with the permission of the author and Interdisciplinary-Net.
Beverley Chalmers (DSc(Med);PhD) is
an Adjunct Full Professor in the Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology at the University of Ottawa, and an Affiliate Investigator
in the Ottawa Health Research Unit, Ontario, Canada. This article is
based on contributions to the degree of D. Litt et Phil. (History) at
the University of South Africa under the supervision of Profs Tilman
Dedering (Dept of History) and Anthony Court (Primedia Holocaust &
Genocide Unit, School for Graduate Studies).
©
Copyright Judy Cohen, 2010.
All rights reserved.
|
|